Shorts notes on THYPHOID AND MALERIA

Typhoid

It is a infection disease caused by gram negative bacteria salmonella typhie.

Sign and symptoms

1.      Initially fever up to 104⁰F for about one week

2.      It is followed by rose coloured rashes lymph adenopathy abdominal pain,anorexia exhaustion,septicemia

3.      In chronic condition gastro intestinal ulcer and hypovolumic shock  may occur

4.      Liver to the liver or spleen.

                                                         Cause

 Bacteria infects the wall of illium and colon goes into the blood .Disease in to transmitted generally through the food or water but .it may also be spread by vomiting or saliva.

Diagnosis

1.Widal test.

2.Sensivity and culture test.

3.In case of ulcer X-Ray and USG are done.

Treatment

1.Ciprofloxacine/Ofloxacine etc.

2.In case of shock management of dehydration is done by fluid therapy.

3.To reduce the temperature cold sponging is done with antipyretics.

4.In cause ulcer or perforation surgery is done.

5.Typhoid vaccine may be used for prevention.

6.Hexamethasone may be given for shock.

MALARIA

Malaria is caused by protozoal parasite of plasmodium group or species .

there are five species of plasmodium which are common.

1.Plasmodium vivex

2.Plasmodium falcipherum.

3.Plasmodium malaria.

4.Plasmodium ovale.

5.Plasmodium knewlsi.

Route

1.Bite of female anopheleus mosqueto.

2.Blood transfusion.

3.Mother to foetus through placenta.

Patho-physiology

1.Parasite is transmitted from one person to other by the bite of mosquito having malaria infection.

2.Parasite travel through the liver and multiply rapidly.

3.After several days. Thousands of parasites flow back in to the blood and destroy the RBCs.

short

Sign And Symptoms

1.Appears 14 days after invasion.

2.Uncomplicated malaria has following stages every 2^nd day.

Stage.1.Cold[shivering.chills].

Stage.2.Hot[fever headache,rapid breathing,vomiting ,seizures in children]

Stage.3.Sweating[it is followed by normal tem.and fatigue

Severe Malaria

Severe malaria have following symptoms.

1.Fever with chills.

2.Impaired consciousness.

3.Seizures.

4.Deep breathing.

5.Respiratory disease.

6.Abnormal bleading.

7.Anaemia.

8.Jaundice.

9.Spenomegali.

10.Hepatomegali.

11.Malaria cerebri.

12.Comma.

Diagnosis

1.Rapid diagnostic test for parasite.

2.Microscopic test for parasite.

3.History of malaria in area.

Treatment

Medicine.

1.Chloroquine,Mephaloquine, Quinone,  Sulphadoxine,Arther Artenather.

2.Artipyroite, drugs and treatment of symptoms.

3.Parasite may be develop resistance to the previous drugs.

4.Sickle cell anaemia and thalacemia are boon for malaria having areas.

Bibiliograpy

Classroom notes/by Rahul sir

www.Painassit.com

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Assignment of biomedical wastes

BIOMEDICAL WASTES

INTRODUCTION

Biomedical waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials.^[1] It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.), as well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are restricted from environmental release. As detailed below, discarded sharps are considered biomedical waste whether they are contaminated or not, due to the possibility of being contaminated with blood and their propensity to cause injury when not properly contained and disposed of. Biomedical waste is a type of bio-waste.

The act was passed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1986 & notified the Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in July 1998. In accordance with these rules, it is the duty of every “occupier” i.e. a person who has the control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment

Definitions

Hospital waste refers to all waste, biological or non‐ biological that is discarded and not intended for further use.

Bio‐medical waste means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals, and including categories mentioned in Schedule I.

Infectious waste: The wastes which contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity that could cause diseases. It is hazardous e.g. culture and stocks of infectious agents from laboratories, waste from surgery, waste originating from infectious patients.

Classification of Bio‐Medical Waste

Sources Of Bio Medical Waste

·        Hospitals

·        Nursing homes

·        Clinics

·        Medical laboratories

·        Blood banks

·        Mortuaries

·        Medical research & training centers

·        Biotechnology institution/production units

·        Animal houses etc.

• Such a waste can also be generated at home if health care is being provided there to a patient (e.g. injection, dressing material etc.)

Categories Of  Bio medical Waste:

Option	Waste Category	Treatment & Disposal
Category No. I	Human Anatomical Waste (human tissues, organs, body parts)	incineration/deep burial
Category No. 2	Animal Waste (animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses)	incineration/deep burial
Category No. 3	Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste (wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro‐ organisms live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell culture used in research and infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of cultures)	local autoclaving/micro‐ waving/incineration
Category No. 4	Waste sharps (needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)	disinfection (chemical treatment/autoclavin g/microwaving and mutilation/shredding
Category No. 5	Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs (wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)	incineration@/destruction and drugs disposal in secured landfills
Category No. 6	Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, beddings, other material contaminated with blood)	Incineration/ autoclaving/microwaving
Category No. 7	Solid Waste (wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc).	disinfection by chemical treatment/autoclaving/ microwaving and mutilation/ shredding
Category No. 8	Liquid Waste (waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house‐ keeping and disinfecting activities).	disinfection by chemical treatment and discharge into drains
Category No. 9	Incineration Ash (ash from incineration of any bio‐medical waste)	disposal in municipal landfill
Category No.10	Chemical Waste (chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.)	Chemical discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids

                                                                                          

Conclusion

The waste generated by the health care establishment includes a wide range of  aste materials like used needles and syringes, soiled dressings, body parts, diagnostic  samples, blood, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and radioactive materials etc. which is legally termed as biomedical waste. The greatest risk of biomedical waste is from the infectious and sharp components of the waste because the health care workers handling waste may contact with HIV or AIDS, Hepatitis B and C. These biomedical wastes pose tremendous risk to uninfected population if it comes in contact with it. Thus, it is essential that, the biomedical waste is properly handled, segregated and properly and safely disposed off

he goals of biomedical waste treatment are to reduce or eliminate the waste's hazards, and usually to make the waste unrecognizable. Treatment should render the waste safe for subsequent handling and disposal. Biomedical waste is often incinerated. An efficient incinerator will destroy pathogens and sharps     .

BIBILIOGRAPHY

www.medprodisposal.com › Medical Waste Disposal

www.pgimer.in

www.cwejournal.org/need-of-biomedical-waste-management-system-in-hospitals

classroom lecture/by Rahul sir

www.ncbi.in